Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Urinary tract infections are a common health issue in dogs, particularly in females, and can cause discomfort, frequent urination, and other complications if left untreated. In some cases, a urinary tract infection can be a sign of an underlying health condition, such as bladder stones or diabetes.

Understanding the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventative measures can help dog owners recognise and manage urinary tract infections effectively.

What is a urinary tract infection in dogs?

A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system, leading to inflammation and discomfort. The infection typically affects the bladder, but in severe cases, it can spread to the kidneys, causing more serious health issues.

Urinary tract infections are more common in female dogs due to their shorter urethras, which allow bacteria to reach the bladder more easily.

Causes of urinary tract infections in dogs

Several factors can contribute to the development of urinary tract infections.

Common causes

• Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, which commonly enter the urinary tract from faecal contamination
• Weakened immune system, which reduces the body’s ability to fight infections
• Urinary stones or bladder stones that create an environment for bacterial growth
• Diabetes, which increases sugar levels in the urine and promotes bacterial growth
• Incontinence, particularly in older dogs, leading to bacteria accumulating around the urethra
• Kidney disease, which may contribute to urinary tract infections in some cases
• Poor hygiene, which allows bacteria to enter the urethra more easily
• Prostate infections in male dogs, which can cause similar symptoms to a urinary tract infection

Symptoms of urinary tract infections in dogs

Dogs with a urinary tract infection may show a variety of symptoms. Recognising these signs early allows for prompt treatment and prevents complications.

Common symptoms

• Frequent urination in small amounts
• Straining or discomfort when urinating
• Blood in the urine, which may appear pink or red
• Urinating indoors or in unusual places due to urgency
• Excessive licking of the genital area
• Strong-smelling or cloudy urine
• Increased thirst in some cases

Severe symptoms

• Fever, which may indicate a more serious infection
• Loss of appetite and lethargy
• Vomiting, which could signal kidney involvement
• Pain in the lower back or abdomen

If symptoms worsen or persist for more than a day or two, veterinary attention is required to prevent complications such as kidney infections.

Diagnosing urinary tract infections in dogs

A vet will diagnose a urinary tract infection based on symptoms and diagnostic tests.

Common diagnostic methods

• Urinalysis to check for bacteria, white blood cells, blood, and pH abnormalities
• Urine culture to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection
• Blood tests to check for underlying conditions such as kidney disease or diabetes
• Ultrasound or X-rays to detect bladder stones or tumours

Accurate diagnosis ensures the correct treatment plan is prescribed.

Treatment for urinary tract infections in dogs

The treatment for a urinary tract infection depends on the underlying cause and severity of the infection.

Antibiotics

• A vet will prescribe antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection
• The full course of medication must be completed, even if symptoms improve early
• Urine cultures may be required after treatment to ensure the infection is fully cleared

Pain relief

• Anti-inflammatory medication may be prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation
• Encouraging hydration helps flush out bacteria and supports recovery

Treating underlying conditions

• Urinary stones may require dietary changes, medication, or surgery
• Diabetes management through insulin and dietary adjustments can help prevent recurrent infections
• Prostate infections in male dogs may require long-term antibiotics or additional treatments

Most urinary tract infections improve within a week of starting treatment, but chronic or complicated cases may take longer to resolve.

Home care for dogs with urinary tract infections

Supporting a dog's recovery at home is important for preventing recurrent infections and ensuring proper healing.

Increasing hydration

• Providing fresh water at all times encourages frequent urination and helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract
• Offering wet food instead of dry kibble increases moisture intake
• Adding water or low-sodium broth to food can help maintain hydration levels

Encouraging frequent urination

• Taking dogs out for regular toilet breaks prevents urine retention
• Allowing access to a clean, designated toileting area reduces stress during urination

Keeping the genital area clean

• Wiping the area with a damp cloth after urination removes bacteria
• Ensuring proper hygiene, especially in older dogs or those prone to incontinence

Preventing urinary tract infections in dogs

While urinary tract infections cannot always be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk.

Providing proper hydration

• Ensuring dogs have access to clean water throughout the day
• Encouraging drinking by using a pet water fountain or flavoured water additives

Maintaining good hygiene

• Regularly cleaning the area around the genitals, especially in long-haired breeds
• Keeping bedding and living areas clean to reduce bacterial contamination

Using a balanced diet

• Feeding a high-quality diet that promotes urinary health
• Avoiding excessive treats or processed foods that may contribute to imbalances

Regular veterinary check-ups

• Routine vet visits help detect early signs of infection or underlying health issues
• Dogs prone to urinary tract infections may require periodic urinalysis tests

Preventing urinary retention

• Encouraging regular bathroom breaks to prevent urine from sitting in the bladder too long
• Avoiding long periods of confinement without opportunities to urinate

When to see a vet

A vet should be consulted if a dog shows any of the following signs

• Difficulty urinating or signs of pain
• Blood in the urine or persistent strong odour
• Frequent urination with no improvement after a day
• Lethargy, fever, or vomiting

Early treatment prevents complications such as kidney infections or bladder stones.

Conclusion

Urinary tract infections are a common issue in dogs but can be effectively treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recognising the symptoms early, ensuring proper hydration, and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent infections from occurring.

For dogs prone to recurrent infections, identifying underlying causes and working with a vet to manage them can improve long-term urinary health. By taking preventative measures and seeking prompt veterinary care when needed, dog owners can help their pets stay comfortable and infection-free.